![]() Conjunctival injection: a physical finding of eye redness due to vasodilatation of conjunctival vessels.Abnormal aperture ( enophthalmos, blepharospasm, lid retraction).Swelling of the eyelid margins ( blepharitis, chalazion, mass).Abnormal eyelid margin ( entropion, ectropion).Abnormal motility ( lagophthalmos, proptosis).Inflammation ( dacryocystitis, dacryoadenitis).Tear deficiency (dry eyes, keratitis sicca).Dermatological abnormalities ( herpes zoster ophthalmicus).This part of the exam can be performed using a penlight or during the slit lamp biomicroscopy examination.Assess each of the external eye structures for abnormalities.Definition: an ophthalmological examination in which the external eye structures ( orbit, eyelid, eyelashes, lacrimal system, conjunctiva) are assessed.Visual pathway lesion (e.g., bitemporal hemianopsia).Refractive errors ( myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, astigmatism).Additional diagnostic tests need to be performed (e.g., pinhole test). ![]() Reduced nearsighted vision, reduced farsighted vision, blurry vision, inability to distinguish the charts (only recognizing shadows or fingers).Normal findings: emmetropia (20/20 vision).Landolt ring: The examinee points or states in the direction that the gap in the ring is pointing (up, down, left, or right).E chart: The examinee points or states in the direction that the “legs” of the letter E are pointing (up, down, left, or right).Snellen chart: The examinee reads the rows of letters out loud.Ask the examinee to cover one eye and consecutively read the designated chart, beginning with the smallest row that can be read.Position the examinee at a predetermined distance from the chart (usually 20 feet/ 6 meters).An ophthalmological chart that displays several rows of a ring with a gap (resembles the letter “C”) in different sizes and rotations.An ophthalmological chart that displays several rows of the letter “E” in different sizes and rotations.An ophthalmological chart that displays several rows of capital letters of different sizes.Minimum discriminable acuity (identification of changes in size, position, or orientation of an object).Minimum recognizable acuity (identification of the smallest characteristic of an object).Minimum separable acuity (identification of separation between two objects).Minimum detectable acuity (determines if an object is present or not).Definition: an ophthalmological examination used to determine the clarity or sharpness of central vision at various distances.Retinal examinations ( fluorescein angiography, OCT, electroretinogram, EOG).Fundoscopic examination: performed using an ophthalmoscope or slit lamp.Intraocular pressure examination: performed using a tonometer.Lacrimal apparatus examination (tear break-out time).Pupillary examination: morphology and reflexes.Visual fields examination (confrontation test).Examination of the movements and alignment of the eyes.External eye examination: performed using a penlight or slit lamp.Visual acuity test: performed using a Snellen chart, E chart, or Landolt ring chart.Medical history: chronic eye conditions, diabetes mellitus, hypertension.Family history: history of glaucoma, history of cataracts.The comprehensive eye examination screens and diagnoses common eye disorders it consists of at least twelve tests.
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